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Semester 2 - Unit 4 materials

Semester 2 - Unit 4 materials 

General and Special Objectives - Tamil Content

General and Special Objectives - Tamil Content 

Unit 1 content for semester 1

Unit 1 Content for semester 1 

Model - Skill of Probing Questions - English

Model - Skill of Probing Questions - English 

Model - Skill of Set induction( Tamil)

Model - Skill of Set Induction 

News paper cutting in mathematics

News paper cutting in mathematics 

Model - Skill of set induction - English

Model - Skill of set induction - English 

Model - Skill of Stimulus Variation ( English)

Model -Skill of Stimulus Variation ( English) 

Model skill of stimulus variation - Tamil

Stimulus Variation Skill - Tamil 

Mathematics news paper cutting

 Mathematics News paper cutting

Model - Skill of Explaining -Tamil

Model - Skill of Explaining -Tamil 

Model - Skill of Explaining

Model - Skill of Explaining 

Mathematics in school curriculum

Mathematics in school curriculum 

15 Famous Mathematicians

 

15 Famous Mathematicians and Their Contributions

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15 Famous Mathematicians and Their Contributions

1. Euclid

Euclid was one among the famous mathematicians, and he was known as the ‘Father of Geometry.’ His famous Geometry contribution is referred to as the Euclidean geometry, which is there in the Geometry chapter of class IX. He spent all his life working for mathematics and set a revolutionary contribution to Geometry. 

2. Pythagoras

‘Pythagoras theorem’ is very popular and an important mathematical formula to solve mathematical problems. Since childhood, all of us have struggled to solve mathematical problems applying the Pythagoras theorem. Pythagoras discovered this prominent theorem and he became the father of ‘Pythagoras theorem.’ Pythagoras was from Greece, but he fled off to India in the latter part of his life.

3. Archimedes

Archimedes was a Greek Scientist, a great mathematician, and a Physician. He also worked his entire life in search of discovering mathematical formulas that are related to Physics. The best contribution of Archimedes in mathematics is known as the invention of compound pulleys, antiquity, and screw pump. Students of class X have to study these chapters of compound pulleys and antiquity.

4. Thales of Miletus

Thales of Miletus was one of the most famous mathematicians from Greece. He was very skilled in Geometry and used Geometry as a means to calculate the heights of pyramids and measure the distance of a ship from the shore. As he was also a philosopher, in the ‘Thales’ theorem’ he tries to apply Geometry by using deductive reasoning and derives the conclusion of four corollaries. You can learn more about Thales of Miletus here.

5. Aristotle

Aristotle was a great scholar and he had vast knowledge in various areas, including Physics, mathematics, geology, metaphysics, medicine, biology, and psychology. He was a student of Plato, and both of them together discovered many philosophical theories and contributed to mathematics and Platonism. He combines mathematics and philosophy and in his treaties, and uses mathematical science in three principal ways.

6. Diophantus

His algebraic equations are quite easy and unique, so he was popularly known as the ‘Father of Algebra.’ He wrote a series of books on Algebra. He later gained popularity for his book Arithmetica, where a brief description with examples was given on the best solution for all the algebraic equations and the theory related to the number. 

Read more: Diophantus of Alexandria

7. Eratosthenes 

Eratosthenes was a world-famous mathematician known for his unbelievable and exact calculation. He was the only mathematician who put efforts to calculate the earth’s circumference and calculated the Earth’s axis tilt. Both his calculations are exact, and so he became famous worldwide.

Read more about The Life and Work of Eratosthenes.

8. Hipparchus

Like Geometry, trigonometry chapters are also important for class IX and X students. The founder of trigonometry was an intelligent mathematician and mythologist Hipparchus. He discovered the first trigonometric table in mathematics. He was the first person to develop a well-grounded process by which people can predict solar eclipses.

9. Hero of Alexandria

Heron’s formula in mathematics is applied by students from class VI onwards. Yes, he was the one who discovered the square root of numbers. In today’s mathematics, his formula is known as Heron’s formula. So, he gained popularity and became known as the ‘Hero of Alexandria.’

10. Ptolemy

Ptolemy was a mathematician; he was also a geographer, musician, writer, and astronomer. His contributions to mathematics were incredible. He wrote about mathematics, and among them, his best treaty was called Almagest. He also believed that in the Universe, the position of the Earth was in the center.

11. Xenocrates

Xenocrates was a famous mathematician from Greek. He had written a series of books on mathematics. He emphasizes the theory of numbers in mathematics, and all his written books were based on the theory of numbers, and geometry. He could easily calculate the syllables from an alphabet. 

12. Anaxagoras

He was a great mathematician and an astronomer. Because of his outstanding knowledge of mathematics and cosmology, he discovered the exact clarification of eclipses and stated that the Sun is larger than Peloponnese. 

13. Hypatia

She was a famous mathematician and a philosopher. She was the first woman to give importance to mathematics. She was a genius, and for many young women, she became an inspiration and encouraged them to pursue their dreams. In Alexandria's history, she was the last famous mathematician.

14. Antiphon

Antiphon discovered the value of Pi. This renowned mathematician was the first one who calculated the upper bound and lowers bound values of Pi by inscribing and circumscribing around a circle, the polygon, and processed finally to calculate the areas of the polygon. His idea of calculating a polygon area became very famous, and it changed mathematics for the world. 

15. Diocles

Diocles was a profound geometer and mathematician. He was renowned for his discovery in the subdivision of geometry. In the books of Mathematics, the ‘Geometry curve’ is known by his name as the ‘Cissoid of Diocles.’ To find out a solution to doubling the cube, the method of Cissoid of Diocles was used.

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Pi Day Invitation - 14.03.2021

Pi Day Invitation - 14.03.2021 

GEOMETRY SYMBOLS

 GEOMETRY SYMBOLS

Symbol	Symbol Name	Meaning / definition	Example
∠	angle	formed by two rays	∠ABC = 30°
	measured angle		ABC = 30°
	spherical angle		AOB = 30°
∟	right angle	= 90°	α = 90°
°	degree	1 turn = 360°	α = 60°
deg	degree	1 turn = 360deg	α = 60deg
′	prime	arcminute, 1° = 60′	α = 60°59′
″	double prime	arcsecond, 1′ = 60″	α = 60°59′59″
	line	infinite line
AB	line segment	line from point A to point B
	ray	line that start from point A
	arc	arc from point A to point B	= 60°
⊥	perpendicular	perpendicular lines (90° angle)	AC ⊥ BC
∥	parallel	parallel lines	AB ∥ CD
≅	congruent to	equivalence of geometric shapes and size	∆ABC≅ ∆XYZ
~	similarity	same shapes, not same size	∆ABC~ ∆XYZ
Δ	triangle	triangle shape	ΔABC≅ ΔBCD
|x-y|	distance	distance between points x and y	| x-y | = 5
π	pi constant	π = 3.141592654... is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle	c = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅r
rad	radians	radians angle unit	360° = 2π rad
c	radians	radians angle unit	360° = 2π c
grad	gradians / gons	grads angle unit	360° = 400 grad
g	gradians / gons	grads angle unit	360° = 400 g

Basic Mathematics Symbols

 Mathematics Symbols

Symbol	Symbol Name	Meaning / definition	Example
=	equals sign	equality	5 = 2+3 5 is equal to 2+3
≠	not equal sign	inequality	5 ≠ 4 5 is not equal to 4
≈	approximately equal	approximation	sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01, x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y
>	strict inequality	greater than	5 > 4 5 is greater than 4
<	strict inequality	less than	4 < 5 4 is less than 5
≥	inequality	greater than or equal to	5 ≥ 4, x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y
≤	inequality	less than or equal to	4 ≤ 5, x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y
( )	parentheses	calculate expression inside first	2 × (3+5) = 16
[ ]	brackets	calculate expression inside first	[(1+2)×(1+5)] = 18
+	plus sign	addition	1 + 1 = 2
−	minus sign	subtraction	2 − 1 = 1
±	plus - minus	both plus and minus operations	3 ± 5 = 8 or -2
±	minus - plus	both minus and plus operations	3 ∓ 5 = -2 or 8
*	asterisk	multiplication	2 * 3 = 6
×	times sign	multiplication	2 × 3 = 6
⋅	multiplication dot	multiplication	2 ⋅ 3 = 6
÷	division sign / obelus	division	6 ÷ 2 = 3
/	division slash	division	6 / 2 = 3
—	horizontal line	division / fraction
mod	modulo	remainder calculation	7 mod 2 = 1
.	period	decimal point, decimal separator	2.56 = 2+56/100
ab	power	exponent	23 = 8
a^b	caret	exponent	2 ^ 3 = 8
√a	square root	√a ⋅ √a  = a	√9 = ±3
3√a	cube root	3√a ⋅ 3√a  ⋅ 3√a  = a	3√8 = 2
4√a	fourth root	4√a ⋅ 4√a  ⋅ 4√a  ⋅ 4√a  = a	4√16 = ±2
n√a	n-th root (radical)		for n=3, n√8 = 2
%	percent	1% = 1/100	10% × 30 = 3
‰	per-mille	1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1%	10‰ × 30 = 0.3
ppm	per-million	1ppm = 1/1000000	10ppm × 30 = 0.0003
ppb	per-billion	1ppb = 1/1000000000	10ppb × 30 = 3×10-7
ppt	per-trillion	1ppt = 10-12	10ppt × 30 = 3×10-10