RESOURCES OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS
Introduction:
A fact that to keep teaching interesting and make
it effective we have to make use of certain material aids. The use of these materials
aids makes the teaching effective, simple and interesting. The use of sensory
aids in teaching of Mathematics is of recent origin. The maths teacher we have
been using text-books, writing materials Geometric instruments and the
black-board since long as in used the equipment for mathematics classes. For
many years resourceful teachers have been using models, instruments, drawings
and other devices for stimulating interest and to facilitate learning of
Mathematics. Since Mathematics is considered as a dry subject so to create
interest in learning mathematics has been a constant problem for teacher. In
mathematics teaching we require one or the other aid at every step.
Place of
Projected and Non-Projected teaching aids in Mathematics:
There are so many abstractions in Mathematics which
can not be easily followed by the students. To make such abstract or complex
ideas less abstract, rather concrete, teacher takes helps of various teaching
aids. Thus teaching aids are aids to imagination of pupils. The importance of
teaching aids in teaching mathematics in justifies on the following
considerations.
i) They help in clear understanding of the subject and
clarifying the abstract ideas.
ii)
They
appeal the senses of the pupils and so they satisfy their innate tendencies and
interests.
iii)
They
stimulate pupil participation. They are based on the maxim, “Learning by
doing”.
iv)
They make
the teaching-learning process interesting.
v)
They help
in saving time and energy because it takes a long time in clarifies an abstract
idea verbally but the point can be made clear at once by using some appropriate
teaching aid.
vi)
The needs
of individual students are met. Some pupils learn by listening but a majority
of them learn by doing.
vii)
They help
in creating a lasting impression on the mind of the learner. Things are well
retained in the mind since the sensory impression is more permanent.
Suggestion
for effective use of teaching Aids:
The
teaching aids serve their purpose best only when these are highly used.
Following
suggestions be kept in mind while making use of these aids
1.The aids should serve some
useful purpose. Aid should not be used just for the sake of using an aid.
Rather it should help in teaching a particular lesson. The teacher should be
clear about the purpose for which he is using the aids.
2.The aid should be selected
according to the general interest, abilities at the pupils.
3.The size of the aid should be
neither too large nor too small. It should be clearly visible to the student.
In mathematics, the diagrams, concepts, figures formulae etc. depicted through
the aids must be accurate. Accurate is very important.
4.Aid should be used only at the
right moment. If it is meant for introduction of the lesson it should be shown
at the proper time. Aid used at the wrong time may prove harmful.
5.If the number of aids is to be
used, then every aid must be used at the proper time and not in a haphazard
manner. The systematic display gives good results.
6.The aid should be kept before
the students as long as it serves some purpose. It should be removed when it
has served its purpose.
Various teaching aids in teaching Mathematics:
(i) Non Projected aids:-
a) Real objects
b) Models
c) Charts
d) Black-Board
e) Flannel-Board
f) Bulletin-Board.
(ii) Projected aids:-0
a) Magic lanters
b) Filmstrip
c) Projector
d) Epidio scope
e) Motion pictures etc
(iii) Excursions etc
Non-Projected Teaching Aids
a)
Real Objects:-
These are most useful and most
effective means of providing direct experiences to the pupil Example to teach
the area of four walls of a room we can make use of the four walls of
class-room. Similarly black-board can be used to teach the area of a rectangle.
b)
Models:
In order to clarify and explain the abstract things, some things concrete like
models have to be presented to explain those abstract things. Models are the
three dimensional representations of the real objects E.g.
1.Models of geometrical solids
such as cone, sphere cylinder etc. These models may be made out of card board
(or) chart paper and may be used to teach topics such as area of a cone, are of
a sphere, area of a cylinder etc.
2.The concept of angles can be
explained easily if two strips are hinged at one end.
3.To prove that the sum of three
angles of a triangle is 180o we can take a chart paper model of a triangle and
fold it as under.
4.To find the area of a circle can
be obtained by cutting a piece of cardboard. This
is then cut into 8 equal parts are these
parts are then
assembled.
Charts:-
Charts are defined as a combination of graphic and pictorial media for the
orderly and logical visualizing of relationship b/w important facts, ideas or
concepts. “Edgar Dale defines a chart as a systematic arrangement of facts in a
graphic (or) pictorial form, presenting for convenient reference comparisons of
quantity, distribution, trends, and summaries
The charts serve the following purpose:
1.showing relationship by means
of facts, figures
2.presenting matter or statistics
symbolically, graphically
3.These are used for depicting
certain important formula (or) results of mathematics.
Ex:
S.I = P X T X R
--------------
100
Ex:
Area of rectangle = length X breath.
1.Presenting abstract ideas in a
visual from showing continuity in teaching – learning process and summarizing
information presented.
2.Motivating and arousing
students’ interest.
c)
Black – Board:-
Black-board is
an integral part of the Mathematics classroom. The black-board should be well
polished and smooth. It should be black in colour and fit for writing with a
chalk. In some places the colour of black-board has now been made green. This
has been done because the green colour is useful for eye sight.
Advantages:-
1.
It is used to
develop various steps of the solution of a problem (or) proof of the -Orem.
2.
It is used for
drawing important diagrams.
3.
It is used to
compare and contrast certain important results. Such are noted down on B.B.
4.
Black-board can also
be used to plot certain graphs (or) curves showing various inter-relationships,
presenting statistical data etc.
d)
Flannel – Board:-
The flannel board consists of a piece of flannel, stretched tightly over a
strong backing of plywood, pictures, cards and other similar material can be
stuck on the flannel board if sand paper, felt paper (or) blotting paper are
give to their back.
e)
Bulletin Board:
The bulletin board is used for displaying bulletins, announcements, and visual
displays that are interesting to the students. Bulletin boards are usually made
of wood with thick flannel cloth on them and a wooden frame running around it
with a glass covering on the front side.
Advantages:-
1.
To motivate, arouse
curiosity and build enthusiasm in students.
2.
To display work done
by students.
3.
To display graphic
and pictorial material linked with the curriculum in an attractive manner.
ii)
Projected Teaching aids:-
a)
Magic Lantern: This instrument of science had
proved very useful for teaching mathematics. It helps to demonstrate different
types of figures, diagrams, pictures related to various topics of mathematics
through the slides. For getting better results, the teacher may also give
explanation of the things demonstrated on the magic lantern.
b)
Film Strips: - In a film strip, 15 to 20
slides concerning useful topics are photographed on a 35 or 16 mm films. These
film strips are then projected on the screen through a projector. The teacher
may demonstrate the pictures for any period of time irrespective of speed as
the situation demands. These are light in weight and easy to transport and a
large variety of information can be presented.
c)
Projector: OHP is a device that can
project a chart, a diagram, a map, a table or for that matter anything written
on a transparent sheet, unto a
d)
Screen (or) even a
wall.
Advantages:
1.
OHP’s are usually light weight and easy to carry.
2.
Teacher can always face the class.
3.
Lots of time is saved as writing on black-board can be avoided.
4.
There are very useful with large groups the visibility is more.
e)
Epidiascope:
This device can be used to
project transparent as well as can not pass through pictures. It can be used to
project slides, film-strips etc. It can also be used to project the content,
figures and diagrams of the printed (or) written pages. It is quite useful for
depicting complicated figures.
f)
Motion
pictures:-
iii)
Excursions:
Excursions
are helpful in providing the knowledge of Mathematics and in developing
interest and understanding of the subject. For such excursions students may be
taken to post-office, bank, market, insurance office, agriculture fields etc.
Mass Motion pictures are useful if we are interested in showing some action
(or) motion. Such pictures are used to stress the applications of mathematics
and development of concepts and generalization. Such pictures are capable of
introducing real life situation in the class-room.
Media:
The
term mass media stands for dissemination of information, ideas and
entertainment by the use of communication media. The media include those which
use modern means of communication such as radio, television, film, press,
newspapers and advertising. In fact, they co- exist with the important
traditional media such as folk dance, drama and puppetry.
Mass
Media and Education:
Education in its modern form,
involving the instruction of pupils with in specially designated school
premises, emerged with the spread of printed materials and higher levels of
literacy. The rise of mass media and the rise of mass ed/are closely connected,
because of the letters ability to read & write to participate in public
sphere. Media are generally classified on the basis of their distribution
channels.
Print
Media
Electronic Media
Books Radio
News
papers
Television
Magazines
Films
Direct
mail
Tape & Disc Recordings
Radio:
Radio has been
playing a vital role in the field of education and Radio has established due
credit in the filed of education. Almost all the important centers of A.I.R.
board cost programmes concerning ed/ either the regular classes on topics of
mathematics are being held (or) the important discussions and speeches
concerning principles and laws of mathematics, life history and contribution of
mathematics, the application at mathematics in practical life are broad cast.
Highly Experienced teachers, teacher educators, mathematicians and research
persons take part in such programmes. The Radio as a means of communication
takes their voices to the millions of students and teachers listening to their
programmes.
Television:
Television has
the greater advantages as it not only conveys the voices but the picture and
actual scene also, the students sitting far away from the T.V. stations may be
benefited through the telecasting programmes almost in the same way as it is
happening just before their eyes. In television the programmes on mathematical
speeches, Mathematics classes for competitive exam, History of mathematics and
pictures about mathematicians, and also it has shown the places about related
to mathematics.
Eg: Bank, Post-office, share market etc.
The teacher of mathematics should try to take advantage of such learning
opportunities by making himself and his students fully conversant with such
programmes
Tape
recorder:
Tape recorder also we can use for the programmes on mathematics education. This
is also used in rural areas. If the lessons are not understood for the students
at a time, they record these programmes and they can listen any time. If the
students miss the radio lesson for different timings they will able to listen
in tape recorder by recording such programme.
News
Paper:
News papers may be used an effective
aid for teaching and learning of mathematics. They help in correlating teaching
of mathematics with day to day happenings of life. The statistics given in the
newspaper in the from of weather charts, the prices of various commodities,
budgets of stage and central government, interest rates of various private and
government agencies stock and shares etc. All provide good means for
making the teaching of mathematics interesting useful and purposeful. The
cutting of the news papers may thus be employed to help the students in
learning the practical application of mathematics in day to day life.
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